It has always been my interest to learn other ancient languages in addition to ancient Chinese. I was lucky to have the time and resources (and my advisor Prof. Anderson's approval, of course!) to attend a two-semester-long Homeric Greek course at the Cornell Classics department. In this small class, we studied the grammar and vocabulary of Homer, using Iliad as the text. We proudly powered through the first book of the Iliad and ended in the middle of the second book. This experience is very valuable to me. Being the only Asian, first-generation college student and PhD student outside of the classics department in the class, I am grateful for the motto of Cornell - "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study."
Below are some of my favorite passages from the Iliad, with my own translation to English and Chinese. The numbers are the lines in the original text.
μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί᾽ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε᾽ ἔθηκε,
πολλὰς δ᾽ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν
ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν (5)
οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ᾽ ἐτελείετο βουλή,
ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε
Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.
τίς τ᾽ ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι;
Λητοῦς καὶ Διὸς υἱός: ὃ γὰρ βασιλῆϊ χολωθεὶς (10)
νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν ὄρσε κακήν, ὀλέκοντο δὲ λαοί,
οὕνεκα τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα
Ἀτρεΐδης: ὃ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν
λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα φέρων τ᾽ ἀπερείσι᾽ ἄποινα,
στέμματ᾽ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν ἑκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος (15)
χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ, καὶ λίσσετο πάντας Ἀχαιούς,
Ἀτρεΐδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω, κοσμήτορε λαῶν:
Ἀτρεΐδαι τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοί,
ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Ὀλύμπια δώματ᾽ ἔχοντες
ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, εὖ δ᾽ οἴκαδ᾽ ἱκέσθαι: (20)
Sing goddess! Sing the destructive wrath of the son of Peleus, Achilles, that caused many woes to the Achaeans, and hurled forth many valiant souls of heroes to Hades, and made themselves spoils for birds and a feast for dogs, and the plan of Zeus was being accomplished.
From the beginning, when first the two quarreled, standing apart, the son of Atreus, king of men, and the divine Achilles. Who of the gods brought these two to fight in strife? The son of Leto and Zeurs. For he, having been angered by the king, stirred a terrible plague through the camp, and the people were perishing.
Because the son of Atreus dishonored the priest, Chryses. For he went by the speedy ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter, carrying countless ransoms, holding the wreaths in his hands upon the golden staff of the far-shooting Apollo, he begged all the Achaeans, and especially the two sons of Atreus, the marshallers of the people.
"Sons of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans, may the gods who have Olympian homes grant to you to sack the city of Priam, and to return home safely. May you free my beloved child to me, and accept the ransoms, for you reverence the son of Zeus, far-shooting Apollo.
歌唱吧,女神! 歌唱那毁灭性的怒火,来自珀琉斯之子、阿喀琉斯。那怒火给阿开亚人带来了许多悲伤,将许多勇士们英勇的灵魂扔入地狱,将他们的肉身变做了猛禽的食物和恶狗的盛筵。宙斯的计划正被实现。
缘起当初人民之王、阿特柔斯之子,和神勇的阿喀琉斯两人分立争执。是神明之中的哪一位将这两人聚在一起在冲突中针锋相对的呢?是勒托和宙斯的儿子,因为他被王惹怒了之后在部队中引发了可怖的瘟疫。许多人正在死去。
因为阿特柔斯之子轻蔑了祭司克律塞斯。他去到阿开亚人的快船旁以图赎回自己的女儿,带着无数的赎金,手中拿着花环,放在远射的阿波罗的金手杖上。他哀求着全体阿开亚人, 尤其是阿特柔斯的两个儿子,人民的领袖。
"阿特柔斯的儿子们和其他带有精美胫甲的阿开亚人们!希望拥有奥林匹斯家园的神们许诺你们劫掠普里阿摩斯的城市,然后成功返回家园。请你们为我放了我亲爱的孩子,收下这赎金,因为你们敬重宙斯之子、远射的阿波罗。
ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας βουλῆς ἐξῆρχε νέεσθαι, (85)
οἳ δ᾽ ἐπανέστησαν πείθοντό τε ποιμένι λαῶν
σκηπτοῦχοι βασιλῆες: ἐπεσσεύοντο δὲ λαοί.
ἠΰτε ἔθνεα εἶσι μελισσάων ἁδινάων
πέτρης ἐκ γλαφυρῆς αἰεὶ νέον ἐρχομενάων,
βοτρυδὸν δὲ πέτονται ἐπ᾽ ἄνθεσιν εἰαρινοῖσιν: (90)
αἳ μέν τ᾽ ἔνθα ἅλις πεποτήαται, αἳ δέ τε ἔνθα:
ὣς τῶν ἔθνεα πολλὰ νεῶν ἄπο καὶ κλισιάων
ἠϊόνος προπάροιθε βαθείης ἐστιχόωντο
ἰλαδὸν εἰς ἀγορήν: μετὰ δέ σφισιν ὄσσα δεδήει
ὀτρύνουσ᾽ ἰέναι Διὸς ἄγγελος: οἳ δ᾽ ἀγέροντο.
Thus having spoken, he began to leave from the council, and they arose and obeyed the shepherd of people, the scepter-holding kings. And the people were in a rush. Like swarms/tribes of buzzing/thick bees go, from a hollow rock, always going anew in clusters, and fly by the flowers of spring. They in crowds have flown some here some there. Thus many tribes of young men away from those ships and tents in front of the deep shore, marched in troops into the assembly. Amid them a rumor had fired, the messenger of Zeus, urging them to go. And they gathered together.
言毕,他带队离开了议会。手持手杖的王们起身,顺从了人民的牧羊人。人们忙碌着。就像一窝蜂从一个中空的石头中,永远有新的出来成一团,飞在春天的花朵边。他们成队飞来飞去。当时年轻人成群,从那些船和帐篷旁边,在深深的海滩前,成队行进到集会中。在他们之中,一个流言开始星火燎原,宙斯的使者,催促他们离开。他们聚集在一起。
'Κύκλωψ, τῆ, πίε οἶνον, ἐπεὶ φάγες ἀνδρόμεα κρέα,
ὄφρ᾽ εἰδῇς οἷόν τι ποτὸν τόδε νηῦς ἐκεκεύθει
ἡμετέρη. σοὶ δ᾽ αὖ λοιβὴν φέρον, εἴ μ᾽ ἐλεήσας (350)
οἴκαδε πέμψειας: σὺ δὲ μαίνεαι οὐκέτ᾽ ἀνεκτῶς.
σχέτλιε, πῶς κέν τίς σε καὶ ὕστερον ἄλλος ἵκοιτο
ἀνθρώπων πολέων, ἐπεὶ οὐ κατὰ μοῖραν ἔρεξας;’
ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δ᾽ ἔδεκτο καὶ ἔκπιεν: ἥσατο δ᾽ αἰνῶς
ἡδὺ ποτὸν πίνων καὶ μ᾽ ᾔτεε δεύτερον αὖτις: (‘355)
δός μοι ἔτι πρόφρων, καί μοι τεὸν οὔνομα εἰπὲ
αὐτίκα νῦν, ἵνα τοι δῶ ξείνιον, ᾧ κε σὺ χαίρῃς:
καὶ γὰρ Κυκλώπεσσι φέρει ζείδωρος ἄρουρα
οἶνον ἐριστάφυλον, καί σφιν Διὸς ὄμβρος ἀέξει:
ἀλλὰ τόδ᾽ ἀμβροσίης καὶ νέκταρός ἐστιν ἀπορρώξ.‘ (360)
ὣς φάτ᾽, ἀτάρ οἱ αὖτις ἐγὼ πόρον αἴθοπα οἶνον.
τρὶς μὲν ἔδωκα φέρων, τρὶς δ᾽ ἔκπιεν ἀφραδίῃσιν.
αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ Κύκλωπα περὶ φρένας ἤλυθεν οἶνος,
καὶ τότε δή μιν ἔπεσσι προσηύδων μειλιχίοισι:
‘Κύκλωψ, εἰρωτᾷς μ᾽ ὄνομα κλυτόν, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ τοι (365)
ἐξερέω: σὺ δέ μοι δὸς ξείνιον, ὥς περ ὑπέστης.
Οὖτις ἐμοί γ᾽ ὄνομα: Οὖτιν δέ με κικλήσκουσι
μήτηρ ἠδὲ πατὴρ ἠδ᾽ ἄλλοι πάντες ἑταῖροι.’
ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μ᾽ αὐτίκ᾽ ἀμείβετο νηλέι θυμῷ:
‘Οὖτιν ἐγὼ πύματον ἔδομαι μετὰ οἷς ἑτάροισιν, (370)
“Cyclops, there! and drink the wine, after you ate the human flesh, so that you may see what sort thing for drinking [this is] that our ship had hidden. For you again I carried an offering, if you, having had mercy, could send me homeward. And you are angry no more bearably. You cruel one, how could any other one reach you later of the many mortals, since you not accomplished according to the fate [= properly, duly, rightly].
Thus I spoke, and he accepted and drank out. He sat down dreadly drinking the pleasant drink and again asked me a second time. “You give to me again zealously, and to me say your name immediately now, so that to you I may give hospitality, [in which] such you may rejoice. And for the Cyclops, the fruitful corn-land bears wine made of fine grapes, and for them the thunderstorm of Zeus strengthens. But this is a drop [derivative] of ambrosia and of a nectar."
Thus he spoke, but to him again I offered the fiery-looking wine. On the one hand, three times I gave carrying, and on the other hand, three times, he drank out with thoughtlessness. But after that the wine went to Cyclops around his minds, and then indeed I addressed him with gentle words: “Cyclops, you ask me my glorious name, but I to you speak out. You to me give (imperative) hospitality, even as you promised. Nobody is my name. Nobody they call me, my mother and father and all the other friends.” Thus I spoke, and he immediately replied with a ruthless heart: “Nobody, I will eat last after the friends, the other ones before him. That will be the hospitality to you.”
"独眼/库克洛普斯,来!喝了这酒,吃完人肉之后,这样你能看看我们船上之前藏了什么样的好酒。我再一次给你献上供品,假如你有怜悯之心,可以放我回家。但是你已经怒不可遏。你这残忍的东西!之后许多凡人之中谁还会来你这。因为你不讲道理。"
我如此说道。他接受了酒喝完了。他可怖地坐下,喝着美味的酒,再一次问我要。"快给我再上酒,而且立刻告诉我你的名字,以便我给你主人的礼物,你会喜欢的。至于独眼巨人们,这丰饶的土地培育了用上好葡萄做的酒。宙斯的雷暴雨强化了它们,但这是仙馔密酒。"
他这样说道,我再一次给他斟上火样的烈酒。我给他一边倒了三次,他一边三次都不假思索地喝完。但当美酒到库克洛普斯的脑海中,我那时这样用轻柔的话语对他说:"库克洛普斯,你问我光荣的姓名。无名他们叫我,我母亲和我父亲和所有其他的朋友。"
我这样说道,他立刻用一颗残忍的心回答道:"无名,我会在你朋友后面最后再吃,吃其他人在他之前。那便是我给你的主人的礼物。"